Recent Changes

Shinto definitions by Nichelle Taylor
1.) gohei - In Shinto, zigzag paper streamers (sometimes made of hemp) that are waved over a person's head for purification. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
2.) haiden - the hall of worship in Shinto where the laity pray and sacred dance is offered. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
3.) Kamakura period - The Kamakura was a period in Japanese history (1185-1333), during which several new forms of Buddhism emerged, all of which represnted a radical Buddhist simplification presenting a single, sure key to slvation. LINK (Nichelle Taylor)
4.) Mappo - In Japanese Buddhism, the last age, when doctrine and morality will deteriorate so much that one can be saved only by faith, if at all; concept of considerable importance during the Kamakura Reformation. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
5.) shogun - In Japan, a hereditary military ruler, ostensibly under the authority of the emperor, but who held nearly complete control over the nation until 1867, when the rule of the Shoguns ended. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
6.) Pure Land - Form of Buddhism strong in China and Japan emphasizing the believer's entry into paradise through faith in the vow of the Buddha Amitabha (Emiduo or Amida) to save all who call upon his name. Called Jodo in Japanese. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
7.) Nichiren - The founder of Nichiren Buddhism, which focuses on the Lotus Sutra. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
8.) Soka Gakkai - a new Japanese religion in the Nichiren tradition. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
9.) Zen - see Chan (School of Chinese Buddhism, influenced by Taoism, emphasizing meditation, interaction of master and discipline, and nature; Zen in Japan. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
10.) on-giri - In Japan, the relationship between a benefactor and client, resulting in obligation. Link (Nichelle Taylor)
Shinto Definitions by Dominique Sowell
1.Guji - highest rank of Shinto priest.(Dominique Sowell)
2.Harae, harai - Shinto purificatin rituals.(Dominique Sowell)
3.Jinja - a Shinto shrine. Other words signifying the temporary residence of kami are: jingû, miya, oyashiro, hokora.(Dominique Sowell)
4.Kagura - a performance of music and dance within the shrine which is thought to pacify and entertain the kami.(Dominique Sowell)
5.Kami - spirits which may be found in water, rocks, trees and other natural manifestations which have a particular aura about them. These places and things are usually set off with a nawa or rope of straw festooned with paper.
(Dominique Sowell)
6.Kamidana - a Shinto altar in a private home.(Dominique Sowell)
7.Kannushi - a common word to signify a Shinto priest.(Dominique Sowell)
8.Kansha - gratitude to the kami for benefits received.(Dominique Sowell)
9.Kashiwade - The custom of raising one’s hands to the level of one’s chest and then clapping two or three times in succession. Signifies an individual’s respect for the kami.(Dominique Sowell)
10.Kegare - a pollution, defilement or the waning of the vital life energy. Purification rituals are designed to address and eliminate the destructive effects of kegare. Also called tsumi or imi. (Dominique Sowell)
*All 10 of my Shinto Vocab words came from this website: Shinto Vocabulary http://school.phippy.com/shinto/vocab.html
- By Dominique Sowell


Key terms: Defined by Karmyn Marks

Key Terms:
1. Passover- The spring holiday of Judaism that comemorates the freeing of the Hebrew slaves from Egyptian oppression and the Exodus from Egypt of the Hebrews to the promised land. Link Amerah Ramzi
2. Exodus- The journey of the Israelites under Moses out of Egypt to the Promised Land. Link Amerah Ramzi
3. Torah- The most important part of the Hebrew Scriptures. It consists of the first five books of the Bible, which contains the Hebraic Law. Link Amerah Ramzi
4. Tabernacle- A moveable shrine in which Yahweh was worshipped by the Hebrews until Solomon built a great temple; it contained the written Torah. Its design and method of construction were given by God to Moses at Mount Sinai. Link Amerah Ramzi
5. Hannukah- Minor Jewish holiday. A joyous event commemorating the relighting of the lamps of the holy temple in the year 165 B.C.E, during the campaign of the maccabee brothers to drive out the oppressor.Link Amerah Ramzi
6. Rabbis- A Jewish scholar or teacher, particularly the spiritual leader of a congregation.Link Amerah Ramzi
7. Mishnah- A compilation of Hebrew stories (c. 200 B.C.E to 200 C.E) that fill in the gaps in the oral Torah. Link Amerah Ramzi
8. Gemara- The part of the Talmud that is a collection of rabbinical commentaries ( c. 200-500 C.E) on the Mishna in order to connect it to the written Torah. Link Amerah Ramzi
9. Talmud- A vast, authoritative commentary on the Hebraic Law, including aggadah and halakhah, composed by rabbis and completed about the sixth century C.E. Next to the Torah, it is the most important book in Judaism. Link Amerah Ramzi
10. Diaspora- Refers to many widely dispersed communities of a people. In Judaism, specifically, it refers to the Jewish people who have been dispersed throughout the world because of persecution. Link Amerah Ramzi
Ashkenazi
Refers to jews from northern and eastern europe like in Germany and France. Example1 (Austin Fabio 4)
Synagogues
The place of congregation to worship in the Jewish community. Example1 Picture1 Picture2 (Austin Fabio 5)
Aggadah
The part of the Talmud consist of folklores. Example1 Example2 (Austin Fabio 6)
Halakah
The part of the Talmud devoted for Hebrew Laws. Example1 Example2 (Austin Fabio 7)
Sabbath
The seventh day of the week reserved for special practices and no work. Example1 Example2 (Austin Fabio 8)
Sephardim
Jews from the Iberian peninsula. Example1 Example2 (Austin Fabio 9)
Hasidism
A popular jewish mystical and devotional movement. Example1 Example2 (Austin Fabio10)
Key Terms provided by Corinne Williams
(1) Prophet: Link 1
a person who speaks for god or a deity, or by divine inspiration.
(2) kabala: Link 2
either of two holy days of special significance, rosh hashanah or Yom Kippur.
Also called High Holiday.
(3) Sukkot Link 3
a Jewish festival beginning on the 15th day of the month of Tishri and celebrated for nine days by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside of Israel and for eight days by Reform Jews and by Jews in Israel that celebrates the harvest and commemorates the period during which the Jews wandered in the wilderness after the Exodus.
(4) Shavuot Link 4
a festival, celebrated on the sixth and seventh days of Sivan by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside Israel but only on the sixth day by Reform Jews and Jews in Israel, that commemorates God's giving of the ten commandments to Moses.
(5) seder Link 5
a ceremonial dinner that commemorates the Exodus from Egypt and includes the reading of the Haggadah and the eating of symbolic foods, generally held on the first night of Passover by Reform Jews and Jews in Israel and on both the first and second nights by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside of Israel
(6) Purim Link 6
a Jewish festival celebrated on the 14th day of the month of Adar in commemoration of the deliverance of the Jews in Persia from destruction by Haman.
(7) Menorah Link 7
a candelabrum having eight branches and a shammes that is lit during the festival of Hanukkah .
(8) kosher Link 8
fit or allowed to be eaten or used, according to the dietary or ceremonial laws
(9) Zionism Link 9
a worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel
(10) Kibbutzim Link 10
(in Israel) a community settlement, usually agricultural, organized under collectivist principles.
Terms defined by Michael Caldwell
1. Prophet - A person who speaks by divine inspiration or as the interpreter through whom the will of a god is expressed.link 1
2. Passover- A holiday beginning on the 14th of Nisan and traditionally continuing for eight days, commemorating the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt. Also called Pesach.link 2
3. Exodus -refers to the book which comes second both in the Torah (the five books of Moses) and also in the Tanakh (the Old Testament of the Bible). In a non-literary sense, The Exodus refers to the departure of the Hebrew slaves from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.link 3
4. Torah - More often, this term means the text of the Five Books of Moses, written in any format, whether Torah scroll, paperback book, CD­ROM, sky­writing or any other media.link 4
5. Tabernacle - a tent sanctuary used by the Israelites during the Exodus link 5
6.Synagogues- a building for Jewish religious services and usually also for religious instruction. link 6
7. Hanukkah - Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday commemorating the re-dedication of the Temple in 164 B.C. link 7
8. Rabbis - In Hebrew, Rabbi literally means "my teacher" or "my master." In the Rabbinic Period, it refers to the main religious authorities. link 8
9. Talmud - The most significant collection of the Jewish oral tradition interpreting the Torah. link 9
10. Mishna - (Hebrew, "Repetition") is the core of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people, as championed by the Pharisees. link 10
11. Messiah - the awaited King of the Jews; the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people.
link 11
12. Hadisim - A form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement. link 12
13. Ashkenazi - Hebrew for "of Ashkenaz". Biblical Ashkenaz was the son of Japheth and grandson of Noah. According to Jewish tradition, his descendants inhabited modern-day Germany.
link 13
14. Sephardim - a Jew who is of Spanish or Portuguese or North African descent.
link 14
15. Orthodox Jew - the religion of those Jews who adhere most strictly to traditional beliefs and practices. link 15
16. Reform Judaism - The most liberal Jews; Jews who do not follow the Talmud strictly but try to adapt all of the historical forms of Judaism to the modern world. link 16
17. Conservative Judaism - A progressive movement within mainstream Judaism. Conservative (originally ‘Historical’) Jews acknowledge that certain changes in the Jewish way of life are inevitable since the Enlightenment,link 17
18. Reconstructionist Judaism - A Reconstructionist Jew has strong commitments both to tradition and to the search for contemporary meaning. link 18
19. Sabbath - the seventh day of the week, Saturday, devoted to worship and rest from work in Judaism and in certain Christian Churches. link 19
20. High Holy Days - The Jewish High Holy Days are observed during the 10 day period between the first day (Rosh Hashanah) and the 10th day (Yom Kippur) of Tishri, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar. link 20

Key terms: Defined by Karmyn Marks
Muezzin: A muezzin (Turkish müezzin from Arabic: مؤذن mu’ain), or muzim, is a chosen person at the mosque who leads the call (adhan) to Friday service and the five daily prayers (salat) from one of the mosque's minarets (in most modern mosques, electronic amplification aids the muezzins). -- Muezzin
Minaret: Minarets (minare, from Arabic manāra (lighthouse) منارة, usually مئذنة) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques- generally tall spires with onion-shaped or conical crowns, usually either free standing or taller than any associated support structure -- Minaret
Allah: Muslim name for the one and only God -- Allah
Qur’an: The Qur’an (pronounced ; القرآن ', literally “the recitation”) is the central religious verbal text of Islam, also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Qur’ān, Koran, Al-Coran or Al-Qur’ān''' --Qur'an
Islam: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran; "Islam is a complete way of life, not a Sunday religion"; "the term Muhammadanism is offensive to Muslims who believe that Allah, not Muhammad--Islam
Muslim: A Muslim (مسلم), , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. Literally, the word means "one who submits (to God)". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. The feminine form is sometimes used as Muslimah (مسلمة), especially in recent years --Muslim
Hijra: The Hijra (هِجْرَة) is the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 (Common Era). Alternate spellings of this Arabic word in the Latin alphabet are Hijrah, or Hegira in Latin. --Hijra
Shirk: Shirk (شرك) is the Islamic concept of the sin of polytheism specifically, but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah, associating partners with him, giving his characteristics to others beside him, or not believing in his characteristics --Shirk
Shari’ah: Law --Shari'ah
Hadith: Hadith (Arabic: الحديث , pronounced: ; pl. aḥadīth; lit. "narrative") are narrations originating from the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Mohammad. Hadith are regarded by traditional schools of jurisprudence as important tools for understanding the Qur'an and in matters of jurisprudence. --Hadith
Five Pillars of Islam: The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic: أركان الإسلام) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (prayers), Zakat (giving of alms), Sawm (fasting, specifically during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). --Five Pillars of Islam
Ramadan: The holy ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar (the Hijra), during which Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset; they also refrain from smoking, sexual relations, and various other desires and emotions --Ramadan
Hajj: the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja; at least once in a lifetime a Muslim is expected to make a religious journey to Mecca and the Kaaba; "for a Muslim the hajj is the ultimate act of worship"
Rasul: In Islam, a Messenger (رسول rasūl, plural رسل rusul) is a prophet sent by Allah with a shariah "Divine Law" (see distinction between Prophets and Messengers).
Mount Arafat: Mount Arafat or Mount Arafah (جبل عرفات; transliterated Jabal 'Arafat) is a granite hill east of Mecca. It is also known as the Mount of Mercy (Jabal ar-Rahmah)
Key terms by Duyen-Anh Tran
Imam: A trained muslim teacher and preacher; in Shi'a Islam, a supernaturally endowed supreme teacher and leader of Islam who is a hereditary successor of the Prophet. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Minbar: The seat atop a short flight of steps in a mosque from which the imam delivers sermons. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Mihrab: The niche indicating the direction of Mecca in a mosque. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Friday Mosque: A mosque large enough to hold the entire population of a community, designated as the place for its Friday noon service. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Jihad: In Islam, holy war; also allegorical of the spiritual struggle. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Ulama: Collective term for Muslim religious scholars and teachers who, by consensus, establish correct teaching. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Ash'arism: The immensely influential school of Muslim theology that emphasizes that the ways of God are beyond human understanding; human knowledge of God, it says, can only be based on revelation. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Muharram: the first month of the Muslim calendar, occasion of the Shi'ite festival which commemorates the death of Husayn, the third Shi'a Imam and the most worthy and tragic of all. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Mahdi: in Islam, a teacher who will come just before the Day of Judgement to restore true religion and righteousness. Not a required belief, but widely held. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Sunna: the body of established Islamic faith, morals, and practice, established by the consensus of jurists and the faithful. link (Duyen-Anh Tran)
Key Terms Defined by LeReginald Jones
Caliph the head of statein a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. caliph
Pantheism is the view that the Universe (Nature) and God are identical patheism
sect is a group with distinctive religious, political or philosophical beliefs sect
Twelvers Adherents of Twelver Shī‘ism ,which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imāmsand their belief that the Mahdi will be none other than the returned Twelfth Imam that disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation. twelver
Sevenersbelieve that Ismā'īl ibn Jaʻfarwas the seventh and the last Imām hereditary leader of the Muslim community in the direct line of ʻAlī ibn Abī Tālib). sevener
Ayatollah ("Sign of God") is a high ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī‘ahclerics ayatollah
Shaykhs a spiritual guide shaykh
Dervish an ascetic Muslim monk; a member of an order noted for devotional exercises involving bodily movementsdervish
Purdah the practice among some Hindus and Muslims of secluding or hiding women from strangers purdah
Ijtihad the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholarsijtihad

Key terms:
Dat Do
1) Shakti - Spiritual power, often identified with the various female Hindu deities that correspond to male deities.Link (Dat Do)
2) Brahman - The universal being; God, understood to be not so much personal as the source and essence of all existence. Link (Dat Do)
3) Maya - Brahman manifest in the world of forms; illusion when these forms are seen as other than Brahman. Link (Dat Do)
4) Dharma - In Hinduism, the social order, which works fore righteousness in accordance with rita, the cosmic order, and to which the righteous adhere; also one's own duty. In Buddhism, the Buddha's teachings, which are related to the cosmic order.Link (Dat Do)
5) Karma - Activity; cosmic and personal cause and effect by which one's thoughts and deeds determine what happens to one, whether good or bad, including one's future rebirths. In moksha, one transcends karma. Link (Dat Do)
6) Guru - In Hinduism, a spiritual teacher or guide; the disciple's relation to the guru is generally considered sacred. Link (Dat Do)
7) Upanishads - the last and most philosophical of the Vedas, centering around the message that Atman is Brahman; one's true self is the universal Divine Reality. Link (Dat Do)
8) Ahimsa - Literally, harmlessness. A main principle standing behind the nonviolent resistance movement of Mohandas Gandhi, who led the movement for Indian independence, and , following Gandhi's example, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who led the civil rights movement in the United States during the
tumultuous 1960s. Link (Dat Do)
9) Avatars - Animal or human forms taken by a god on earth; an incarnation of God, like Rama or Krishna. Link (Dat Do)
10) Incarnation - becoming flesh. In Christianity, the doctrine that in Jesus Christ, God (i.e., God the Son, the second person of the Trinity) took on flesh and became a human being. In Hinduism, broadly speaking, the avatars or descents of Vishnu or other Hindu gods. Link (Dat Do)
Ha Huynh
1. Shiva – Hindu deity who’s the absolute cosmic Being; destroyer of the ego and ultimately of the universe. link
2. Moksha – the state of liberation into unconditioned reality. link
3. Sannyasin – a wandering monk free from all ties; someone who has reached the final stage of life. link
4. Vedas – all the official scriptures of Hinduism. link
5. Brahmins – belonging to the upper caste system; an individual belonging to the priestly family. link
6. Mantras– found prominently in Hindu tradition, but can be found in other religions such as Buddhism; words of the chants that are “thought forming” and in sync with the gods and reality. link
7. Atman – the innermost self, the “soul”; eternal self. link
8. Jainism – the practice of complete nonviolence, or non killing towards all living things. link
9. Bhakti – a movement emphasizing the complete devotion for the love of God. link
10. Puranas – Hindu text consisting of all the myths and words and methods of worship. link
Adept: Is an individual identified as having atteined a specific level of knowledge, skill, or aptitude in doctrine relevant to a particular author or organization. (Isis T.)
Atman: The individual soul or essence. (Isis T.)
Kali--Link
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Key terms:
Li: you give me a great definition with a link and your name.
Truc Dinh
1. Laozi: The legendary founder of Daoism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi
2. Dao de jing: The book purportedly written by Laozi, the legendary founder of Daoism. "Dao de jing" means something like "The Book of the Dao and How to Apply Its Strength."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao_de_jing
3. Zhuangzi: The first great Daoist writer (died 300 B.C.E) after Laozi's vision. Also known as Chuang-tzu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi
4. Han Dynasty: A period (206 BCE - 220 CE) in Chinese history, which paralleled the contemporary Roman Empire in cultural sophistication, and during which China became a Confucian state.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty
5. feng liu: In Daosim, "wind and steram", a metaphor for spontaneity, acting according tot he movement of what is happening day by day.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy
6. wu-wei: In Daoism, nonbeing or not doing; the spontaneous flow of the endless stream of flux and change. A person who practiced "not doing" in the sense of letting the Dao act through him or her would be a sage in harmony with the Dao.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-wei
7. Daoist Popes: Hereditary leaders of religious Daoism noted for their blessing of widely distributed amulets. Formerly located on Dragon and Tiger Mountain in central China, they are no headquartered in Taiwan.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/daoism/
8. Tang Dynasty: (618-907) Chinese dynasty that represented the "golden age" of Buddhist activity in China until the persecution of Buddhist temples and monasteries by the Tang court in 845. Daoism also flourished in this era, and Confucianism was enhanced by the development of the civil service system, based on examinations in the Confucian classic.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty
9. Ming Dynasty: (368-1644) Chinese dynasty characterized by its autocracy. Apart from the perfection of the Confucian civil service examination system, and the idealist Neo-Confucian philosophy of Wang Yang-ming (1472-1529), it was not especially creative religiously.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty
10. sectarian: Characterized be sects; may also imply partisanship between sects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian
Nicole M. Simmons
11. Chen-jen - The ideal image of the Taoist master. Translated literally: "true human being".
True man is free from any external limitation and expresses himself simply and effectively.
12. Ch'i - Major Taoist concept. Literally translated by: "air, vapors, ether, breathing, energy".
At the same time it means "temperament, power, atmosphere". Ch'i is one's vital force but also the universal spiritual energy pervading all beings.
13. Chuang-tzu - 1. Taoist sage who founded Taoism together with Lao-tzu. Allegedly he lived during 369-286, and wrote the homonym book.
2. Classical Taoist work also known as Nan-hua chen-ching (The Divine Scripture From Nan-hua). It consists of 33 chapters but it is only the first 7 that are attributed to the philosopher Chuang-tzu.
14. Fu-hsi - mythical character, the first of the three legendary emperors of the ancient China. He offered mankind many inventions, and created the 8 I-ching trigrams - pa-kua. The yarrow stalks divination method is also attributed to him.
15. Huang-ti - "Yellow Emperor". One of the legendary emperors thought to have ruled between 2697 and 2597. Allegedly he invented writing, compasses, potter's wheel, and the silkworm's growth. He is the author of the first medicine treatise in Chinese history: Huang-ti Nei-ching. One of the chapters in Lieh-tzu's book has his name.
16. I-ching - "Book of Changes". Philosophical and divination book dated from the period when Chou Dynasty replaced Yin Dynasty. Nowadays, the core philosophy of the book draws upon Confucianism and legalism. There are some Taoist elements in it - hard to identify, though.
17. K'ung-tzu - 551-479 B.C. Also known as Confucius, founder of the first Chinese philosophical school with a great influence on the public life.
18. T'ai-chi - translated literally "the beam sustaining the roof". I-ching concept with reference to the fundamental reality. In I-ching it reads: "Therefore in (the system of) the Yi there is the Grand Terminus [t'ai-chi], which produced the two elementary Forms. Those two Forms produced the Four emblematic Symbols, which again produced the eight Trigrams." (Legge)
19. Lieh-tzu - Philosopher from the Warring States period and the author of the book Ch'ung-hsu Chen-ching ( True Classic of the Expanding Emptiness).
20. Shen - spirit. In Taoism, this word is used both for the deities in the universe, and our own spirit.

All of my terms can from http://www.taopage.org/dictionary.html

Key terms: Confucius (kong fuzi in chinese)
One of the most influential men in chinese history and philosophy. He emphasized a good social order based on hierarchy, mutuality, and ritual.
confucius wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn (Olivia Attalla)
Dong Zhongshu:A very influential chinese thinker (c. 179-104 B.C.E.) instrumental in creating what may be called the Han Synthesis, which combined aspects of Daoism and Confucianism.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu Confucianism (olivia Attalla)
Feng-Shui: An elaborate art that involves determining the Yin-Yang "bearings" of locations for houses, businesses, tombs, and temples, as well as the arrangements of rooms and the objects with in them.
confucianismen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui (Olivia Attalla)
Filial Piety: important aspects of confucian society. It refers to the obligation of children to negate their own feelings and individuality in deference to the wishes and pleasure of their parents.
confucianismwww.casawomo.com/essays/filial-piety-in-chinese-religion (Olivia Attalla)
Five realtionship (The): In Confucianism, society is believed to be based on these five realtionships: (1) ruler and subject, (2) father and son, (3) husband and wife, (4) elder and younger brother, and (5) friend and friend.
confucianismen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism (Olivia Attalla)
Han Dynasty: A period (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) in chinese history, which paralleled the contemporary Roman Empire in cultural sophistication, and during which China became a Confucian state. (Olivia Attalla)
confucianismen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty
Han Synthesis: A way of thinking about chinese religion and culture developed during the Han Dynasty that combined aspects of Daoism and Confucianism. The Dao, Yin-Yang, cosmic cycles and correspondences were central ideas.(Olivia Attalla)
confucianismwww.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/HANSYNTH.HTM
Jun-zi: the superior man, who, as the confucian ideal suggests, is a man at once a scholar, a selfless servant of society, and a gentlman steeped in courtesy and tradition; as an official and family head, he continually puts philosophy into practice. (Olivia Attalla)
confucianismfaculty.plattsburgh.edu/kurtis.hagen/keyterms_junzi.html
Mandarins: The quasi-priesthood of Confucianism; a class of scholar/ bureaucrats who administered and educated society.( Also known as the Ru.) (Olivia Attalla)
confucianismwww.thefreedictionary.com/Mandarins
Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.) Next to Confucius himself, the greatest philosopher of Confucianism, who held that human nature is basically good and is impeded only by an evil social environment. (Olivia Attalla)
confucianismart-energy.org/aboutqigong.html
Rectifaction of name: In the Confucianism doctrine means to know one's roles in the web of relationships that create community and behaving accordingly so as to ensure social harmony. (Isis T.)
Ren: Is the word to describe the inward expression of confucian ideas. (Isis T.)
Ying-Yang: Used to describe how polar or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn. (Isis T.)
Cultus: A cult; especially a religious one. (Isis T.)
Neo-Confucianism: Is a form of confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang Dynasty. (Isis T.)
Song Dynasty: The imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy. (Isis T.)
Zhu Xi: Chinese philosopher and proponent of neo-confucianism. (Isis T.)
Wang Yangming: A ming Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general. (Isis T.)

Key Terms in the Christian tradition:
Catacombs- Underground cemeteries, such as the early Christian catacombs of Rome.Catacombs - (Aaron McCalister)
Kingdom of God- the reign or rule of God, where God;s will is done and his power is evident. Jesus said this reign or rule is both present and coming through his ministry. Kingdom of God- (Aaron McCalister)
Parables- Allegorical stories, which are used to convey an idea. Jesus used parables to make his points.Parables- (Aaron McCalister)
Crucifixion- the common method for executing lower-class rebels and criminals in ROme; Involved nailing the condemned's hands and feet to a structure made of two crossed beans set upright in ground, therby leaving the condemned to die slow, agonizing death. Crucifixion - (Aaron McCalister)
Logos- Literally, "Word." Divine Expression or action; a title for Christ in his universal divine nature. Logos- (Aaron McCalister)
Apostle- from the Greek for "a person sent forth," one of the original disciples of Jesus , plus Paul, who began their missionary work subsequent to the life of Jesus on earth.Apostle - (Aaron McCalister)
Gentiles- names given by Jews to people who are not Jews. Saint Paul saw himself as te apostle to the Gentiles.Gentile - (Aaron McCalister)
Resurrection- a raising from the dead. Resurrection- (Aaron McCalister)
Gnosticism- Ancient spritual movement that took many forms, largely Christian, emphasizeing that the human soul is divind, but entrapped in the material world, which was created by a lower god; the soul can be liberated through mystical knowledge (gnosis) imparted through Christ. Gnosticism - (Aaron McCalister)
Sectarian- characterized by sects; may also imply partisanship between sects. sectarian - (Aaron McCalister)
Christianity terms by Tamera Warren-Jackson
epistles- a formal piece of writing directed or sent to a person or group of people Epistles
Holy Communion- a Christian sacrament considered to be a re-enactment of Jesus's Last Supper Holy Communion
Saints- individuals of exceptional holiness Saints
grace- an unmerited, free gift of divine favor by God given to His children Grace
trinity- the unity of the Father(God), the Son(Jesus), and the Holy Spirit as three persons and one divine Being Trinity
stigmata- bodily marks of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Stigmata
heresy- a controversial change to a system of beliefs that conflicts with established dogma Heresy
Synoptic Gospels- the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke which include many of the same stories Synoptic Gospels
incarnation- when God became flesh when Jesus was conceived in the Virgin Mary Incarnation
monasticism- the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits in devotion to one's spiritual work Monasticism
Terry Pham
1. pagan - someone who follows little or no religion; a follower of a polytheistic religion; Christian adaptation of the "gentile" of Judaism. link
2. pope – the bishop of Rome; the ultimate leader/ chief of the worldwide Catholic church; head of the Church on earth and the representative of Christ. link
3. predestination – religious concept that states that actions performed by an individual is solely based on God’s will. link
4. sanctification – a religious ceremony in which something or someone is becoming holy; experiencing the power of the Holy Spirit to preserve one from sin and realize Christian perfection, often called the “second blessing”. link
5. Ecumenical movement – a movement intended to encourage the understanding and cooperation among Christian churches and the hope of eventual Christian reunion. link
6. Denomination – an organization consisting of a number of local churches that share the same beliefs of a larger church but with its own distinctive structure form of worship, and traditions. link
7. Mysticism – a religion based on the mystical communion about direct inward experience with a divine reality. link
8. Indulgence– the remission by the pope of temporal punishment for sin after its guilt has been forgiven. link
9. Purgatory – a belief of Roman Catholics that souls are in an after death state in which sins are not adequate enough to warrant the soul to hell so the soul enters a process of purification until it can eventually enter heaven. link
10. Patriarch – a title given to bishops of ancestry of Abraham and Isaac. link
Thuy Doan
1. Eastern Orthodox- A family of ancient Christian churches centered in Eastern Europe and the Middle east, divided into autonomous national bodies, that is, Greek Orthodox, and so on. Descended from the church of the Byzantine Empire, they are characterized by ornate ritual, rich spirituality, and doctrinal conservatismlink.
2. Arminianism-Belief that one has free will to decide for or against in Christ, in contrast to a strict Calvinist view of divine election and predestinationlink.
3. Curia- The Roman Curia consists of the officials who assist the pope in governing the Roman Catholic Church; they are from a consortium of departments and institutes, including the Secretariat of State, congregations, tribunals, pontifical councils, and other offices link.
4. Magisterium-The teaching jurisdiction of the Catholic Church; it bestows the authority to teach doctrine link .
5. Neoplatonic-Ancient philosophical movement stemming from the thought of Plotinus (205-270 CE), stressing that all reality emanates from the One, which can be known through mystical experience. Profoundly influenced Jewish, Christian, and Islamic mysticism link.
6. Canonization-In the Roman Catholic Church, the procedure by which the Pope officially recognizes link .
7. State Church-The officially recognized church of the governing authority of a nation link
8. Pluralism- The condition, especially apparent in the modern world, in which many different options for belief and lifestyle exist together in the same society link
9. Civil Religion-A term used to encompass the symbols, ideas, myths, and ritual-like practices of a society that legitimize social and political institutions. In a society such as found in the United States, this may include religious and secular elements link.
10. Humanists-In the Renaissance, one who engaged in the recovery of classical learning and values. Today, one who believes in the importance of human values and meeting human needs in this world, as over against supernatural, otherworldly values and needs link.
Averis I. Anderson
Apocalyptic- forecasting the ultimate destiny of the world
link
Martyrs- one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion
link
Canon-a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired
link
Orginal Sin-a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam; "Adam and Eve committed the original sin when they ate the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden"
link
Sacrament-a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it; the two Protestant ceremonies are baptism and the Lord's Supper; in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church there are seven traditional rites accepted as instituted by Jesus: baptism and confirmation and Holy Eucharist and penance and holy orders and matrimony and extreme unction link
Evangelical-of or pertaining to or in keeping with the Christian gospel especially as in the first 4 books of the New Testament link
Numinous-Divine, spiritual, revealing or suggesting the presence of a god; inspiring awe and reverence.#
link
Rosary-a string of beads used in counting prayers (especially by Catholics)
link
Spiritualism- spirituality: concern with things of the spirit
link
Ecstacy- taken by overwhelming emotion link

Key terms:
Vivian Nguyen
1) Nirvana: Unconditioned reality, experienced without form or limit when all attachments have been negated and the fires of craving blown out; the ultimate Buddhist goal. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
2) Four Noble Truths: The truth of suffering; the truth of attachment as the cause of suffering; the truth of the end of attachment; and the Eightfold Path as the way to end it--the basic Buddhist teaching as presented by the Buddha in his first sermon. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
3) Middle Way: The Buddha's path, understood as avoiding attachment of all extremes or conditioned, partial realities; conceived of as coming in pairs of opposites. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
4) Eightfold Paths: Right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration or samadhi--the fundamental ideals of Buddhist life and practice as taught by the Buddha. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
5) Sutra: A Sanskrit text, especially scriptural texts in Mahayana Buddhism. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
6) Theragatha: Psalms of the Male elders. Early Buddhism text. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
7) Vihara: A center of Buddhist practice and teaching. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
8) Pure Land: Form of Buddhism strong in China and Japan emphasizing the believer's entry into paradise (the Pure Land) Through faith in the vow of the Buddha Amitabha (Emiduo or Amida) to save all who call upon his name. Called Jodo in Japanese. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
9) Lotus Sutra: A sutra of Indian origin extremely influential in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, especially Tian tai, Tendai, and Nichiren. It emphasizes simple devotion and the universal grace of the Buddha. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
10) Pagodas: Temples in south and east Asia; the term is most commonly used for the several-storied tower-like Buddhist temples characteristic of China, Korea, and Japan. Link (Vivian Nguyen)
Quang Vu
1. Zen/Chan-school of Chinese Buddhism, influenced by Taoism, emphasizing meditation, interaction of master and disciple, and nature. Link (Quang Vu)
2. arhants-one who has obtained complete enlightenment, without becoming a savior of others as a Buddha. Link (Quang Vu)
3. bodhisattva-“enlightenment being.” In Mahayana, being who has taken the vow to help all other beings and who works in wisdom and compassion for them in the world. link (Quang Vu)
4. dharmakaya-the expression of the Buddha-nature as the essence of the universe. Link (Quang Vu)
5. sambhogakaya-the expression of the Buddha-nature as paradisal heavens ruled by radiant Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Link (Quang Vu)
6. karuna-in Buddhism, the great virtue of compassion. Link (Quang Vu)
7. koan-in Chan or Zen, an enigmatic riddle or saying intended to challenge ordinary rational thought and help one realize ones own nature. Link (Quang Vu)
8. mandalas-in Buddhism or Hinduism, a meditation diagram showing arrangements of buddhas and deites. Link (Quang Vu)
9. nirmanakaya-the expression of the Buddha-nature as ordinary, “walking” reality Link (Quang Vu)
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10. prajnaparamita-“wisdom that has gone beyond”; the highest intuitive –enlightenment wisdom in Mahayana Link (Quang Vu)
Samgha (Sangha)
The Buddhist monastic order. Example 1 or Example 2 (Austin Fabio 1)
Tathagata
"One who has gone thus" or "come thus"--a title of the Buddha emphasizing his release from the world into Nirvana. Example1 or Example2 (Austin Fabio 2)
Three Jewels (Three Refuges)
Buddha as the ideal teacher. Dharma as the teaching or "gospel". Samgha as the ideal community or the monastery. Example1 or Example2 (Austin Fabio 3)

8. Pluralism- The condition, especially apparent in the modern world, in which many different options for belief and lifestyle exist together in the same society link
9. Civil Religion-A term used to encompass the symbols, ideas, myths, and ritual-like practices of a society that legitimize social and political institutions. In a society such as found in the United States, this may include religious and secular elements link.
needs link.
Averis I. Anderson
Apocalyptic- forecasting the ultimate destiny of the world
link
Martyrs- one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion
link
Canon-a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired
link
Orginal Sin-a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam; "Adam and Eve committed the original sin when they ate the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden"
link
Sacrament-a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it; the two Protestant ceremonies are baptism and the Lord's Supper; in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church there are seven traditional rites accepted as instituted by Jesus: baptism and confirmation and Holy Eucharist and penance and holy orders and matrimony and extreme unction link
Evangelical-of or pertaining to or in keeping with the Christian gospel especially as in the first 4 books of the New Testament link
Numinous-Divine, spiritual, revealing or suggesting the presence of a god; inspiring awe and reverence.#
link
Rosary-a string of beads used in counting prayers (especially by Catholics)
link
Spiritualism- spirituality: concern with things of the spirit
link
Ecstacy- taken by overwhelming emotion link